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| 等 级：资深长老 |
| 经 验 值：5334 |
| 魅 力 值：1408 |
| 龙 币：9988 |
| 积 分：5834 |
| 注册日期：2008-04-12 |
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搭车学习点背景知识Jacques Lipchitz
cubism
立体主义创作的主要特征，即在画面上将一切物体形象破坏和肢解，然后再加以主观的拼凑、组合，以求所谓立体地表现出物体的不同侧面。就是在平面上表现出二度和三度空间，甚至表现出肉眼看不见的结构和时间（四度空间）。与狂野的野兽派完全相反，它代表唯理的倾向它。认为印象派、野兽派的绘画都是在模拟自然，基本上是表现性的艺术作品。它的意义在于空间处理的新观念，它实际上是主宰20世纪艺术中抽象的和非具象的绘画流派的直接源泉。与表现主义风格的浪漫特性相比较，立体主义风格可以说是古典的和形式主义的。
在西方现代艺术中外，立体主义是一个具有重大影响的运动和画派。其艺术追求与塞尚的艺术观有着直接的关联。立体派画家自己便曾声称：“谁理解塞尚谁就理解立体主义”。他们努力地消减其作品的描述性和表现性的成分，力求组织起一种几何化倾向的画面结构。虽然其作品仍然保持着一定的具象性，但是从根本上看，他们的目标却与客观再现大相径庭。他们从塞尚那里发展出一种所谓“同时性视象”的绘画语言，将物体多个角度的不同视象，结合在画中同一形象之上。画家们新创出一种以实物来拼贴画面图形的艺术手法和语言，进一步加强了画面的肌理变化，并向人们提出了自然与绘画何者是现实，何者是幻觉的问题。立体主义虽然是绘画上的风格，但对20世纪的雕塑和建筑也产生了深远的影响。
尽管立体主义受到世人的极端仇视，它毕竟具有划时代的意义。它成为未来几十年许多画家的灵感来源和与传统分手的标志。这场运动的生计勃勃、硕果累累，与毕加索和布拉克密切合作是分不开的。立体主义在反传统的口号下有浓厚的形式主义倾向。立体主义美术运动的鼎盛期虽仅有7年，但却造成极其广泛的影响，立体主义在艺术形式上的探索，在二十世纪的最初十年影响了全欧洲的艺术家，并激发了一连串的艺术改革运动，如未来主义、结构主义及表现主义等等，尤其鲜明地反应在对现代工艺美术、装饰美术、建筑美术等注重形式美的实用艺术领域不小的推动作用上。Jacques Lipchitz
Jacques Lipchitz (August 22 [O.S. August 10] 1891[1] – May 16, 1973) was a Cubist sculptor. Jacques Lipchitz was born Chaim Jacob Lipchitz, in a Jewish family, son of a building contractor in Druskininkai, Lithuania, then within the Russian Empire. At first, under the influence of his father, he studied engineering, but soon after, supported by his mother he moved to Paris (1909) to study at the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Julian.
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, by Amedeo Modigliani, 1916.It was there, in the artistic communities of Montmartre and Montparnasse, that he joined a group of artists that included Juan Gris and Pablo Picasso as well as where his friend, Amedeo Modigliani, painted Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz.
Living in this environment, Lipchitz soon began to create Cubist sculpture. In 1912 he exhibited at the Salon de la Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts and the Salon d'Automne with his first solo show held at Léonce Rosenberg's Galerie L’Effort Moderne in Paris in 1920. In 1922 he was commissioned by the Barnes Foundation in Merion, Pennsylvania to execute five bas-reliefs.
With artistic innovation at its height, in the 1920s he experimented with abstract forms he called transparent sculptures. Later he developed a more dynamic style, which he applied with telling effect to bronze compositions of figures and animals.
With the German occupation of France during World War II, and the deportation of Jews to the Nazi death camps, Jacques Lipchitz had to flee France. With the assistance of the American journalist Varian Fry in Marseille, he escaped the Nazi regime and went to the United States. There, he eventually settled in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.
He was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the Third Sculpture International Exhibition held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the summer of 1949. He has been identified among seventy of those sculptors in a photograph Life magazine published that was taken at the exhibition. In 1954 a Lipchitz retrospective traveled from The Museum of Modern Art in New York to the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis and The Cleveland Museum of Art. In 1959, his series of small bronzes To the Limit of the Possible was shown at Fine Arts Associates in New York.
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2012-08-31 22:59:23
估计要申8-10所学校，有点晕
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