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特别报道:日本无家可归者被偷偷招募从事福岛清理工作
Special Report: Japan's homeless recruited for murky Fukushima clean-up

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特别报道:日本无家可归者被偷偷招募从事福岛清理工作

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Shizuya Nishiyama (C), a 57-year-old homeless man from Hokkaido, poses for a photo in front of an automatic ticket barrier at Senda
57岁的Shizuya Nishiyam(中间提包者),来自北海道的无家可归者,摄于仙台火车站自动检票口。

SENDAI, Japan (Reuters) - Seiji Sasa hits the train station inthis northern Japanese city before dawn most mornings to prowl for homelessmen.
路透社日本仙台消息:每天天还没有大亮Seiji Sasa就在这个日本北方都市的火车站里寻找着无家可归者。

He isn't a social worker. He's a recruiter.The men in Sendai Station are potential laborers that Sasa can dispatch tocontractors in Japan's nuclear disaster zone for a bounty of $100 a head.
他不是社工,而是个招募人。他在仙台火车站里寻找着潜在的劳工,只要为日本核沾染区的承包商找到一个劳工他就能赚到100美元。

"This is how labor recruiters like mecome in every day," Sasa says, as he strides past men sleeping oncardboard and clutching at their coats against the early winter cold.
“这里每天都有像我这样的劳工招募者”SASA一边说一边走过一群睡在纸板上的男子们,他们盖着自己的外套用来抵御初冬的寒气。

It's also how Japan findspeople willing to accept minimum wage for one of the most undesirable jobs inthe industrialized world: working on the $35 billion, taxpayer-funded effort toclean up radioactive fallout across an area of northern Japan larger than HongKong.
这就是日本如何找人来做一份在工业世界中最不受人欢迎工作的方法,而且只支付最微薄的工资:在日本北部清理面积比香港还大的核沾染区,这要动用纳税人350亿美元资金。

Almost three years ago, a massiveearthquake and tsunami leveled villages across Japan's northeast coast and setoff multiple meltdowns at the Fukushima nuclear plant. Today, the mostambitious radiation clean-up ever attempted is running behind schedule. Theeffort is being dogged by both a lack of oversight and a shortage of workers,according to a Reuters analysis of contracts and interviews with dozens of thoseinvolved.
时间过去了已近三年,一场大地震和海啸肆虐了日本东北部的海岸造成福岛核电站多处垮塌。时至今日,当初雄心万丈的辐射清理计划现在依旧落后于进度安排。经过对相关人士的联系和访谈,路透社分析认为原因一方面是缺乏监督,另一方面则是缺乏劳工。

In January, October and November, Japanesegangsters were arrested on charges of infiltrating construction giant ObayashiCorp's network of decontamination subcontractors and illegally sending workersto the government-funded project.
在一月,十月和十一月,分别有日本黑帮成员因被指控参与大林组集团清污承包工程及向政府资助项目非法派遣劳工而被捕.

In the October case, homeless men wererounded up at Sendai's train station by Sasa, then put to work clearingradioactive soil and debris in Fukushima City for less than minimum wage,according to police and accounts of those involved. The men reported up througha chain of three other companies to Obayashi, Japan's second-largestconstruction company.
据警方和相关人士透露,在十月的案子中,sasa在仙台站聚集了一批流浪汉,将他们派往福岛市从事清理沾染辐射土地和残骸的工作,而支付给他们的酬金低于最低工资。

Obayashi, which is one of more than 20major contractors involved in government-funded radiation removal projects, hasnot been accused of any wrongdoing. But the spate of arrests has shown thatmembers of Japan's three largest criminal syndicates - Yamaguchi-gumi,Sumiyoshi-kai and Inagawa-kai - had set up black-market recruiting agenciesunder Obayashi.
大林组,作为政府资助的核辐射清理项目20多个总承包商中的一员,并未被指控有不法行为。但是一连串的拘捕显示,日本三大黑帮组织山口组,住友会和稻川会的成员在幕后成立了地下招募机构。


"We are taking it veryseriously that these incidents keep happening one after another,"said Junichi Ichikawa, a spokesman for Obayashi. He said the company tightenedits scrutiny of its lower-tier subcontractors in order to shut out gangsters,known as the yakuza. "There were elements of what we had been doing thatdid not go far enough."
“我们对此类层出不穷的事件采取了认真的态度进行对待”大林组发言人JunichiIchikawa表示公司已经加强了对次级分包商的监管,以杜绝黑帮即yakuza的渗透,“但是由于有某些因素存在导致我们还做的远远不够。”

Part of the problem in monitoring taxpayer money in Fukushima is thesheer number of companies involved in decontamination, extending from the major contractors at the top to tinysubcontractors many layers below them.The total number has not been announced. But in the 10 most contaminated townsand a highway that runs north past the gates of the wrecked plant in Fukushima,Reuters found 733 companies were performing work for the Ministry ofEnvironment, according to partial contract terms released by the ministry inAugust under Japan's information disclosure law.
承担福岛清理项目的企业,从最顶端的总承包商延伸到最低端的转包商形成了多个层次,企业总数已经无法统计,而在纳税人用于该项目资金的监管上存在一些问题。
八月,依照日本的信息公开法,通过官方披露的部分合同条款路透社得知在10个污染最严重的城镇和一条通往损毁的福岛核电站高速公路上,有733家企业正在为环境省工作。


Reuters found 56 subcontractors listed onenvironment ministry contracts worth a total of $2.5 billion in the mostradiated areas of Fukushima that would have been barred from traditionalpublic works because they had not been vetted by the constructionministry.
路透社在环境省一份价值25亿美元,清理福岛污染最严重地区的合同名录上发现了56家次级转包商,由于该地区要经过国土交通省的审查因而禁止传统公共建设工程者进入。

The 2011 law that regulatesdecontamination put control under the environment ministry, the largestspending program ever managed by the 10-year-old agency. The same law alsoeffectively loosened controls on bidders, making it possible for firms to winradiation removal contracts without the basicdisclosure and certification requiredfor participating in public works such as road construction.
2011年的法律规定辐射清污由环境省负责掌控,这个建立才10来年的机构管理着有史以来花费最大的项目。而同样是这条法律也放松了对投标人的监管。使得没有公开基本信息和诸如具备参与道路建设资质证明的企业也有可能赢得辐射清污合同。

Reuters also found five firms working forthe Ministry of Environment that could not be identified. They had noconstruction ministry registration, no listed phone number or website, andReuters could not find a basic corporate registration disclosing ownership.There was also no record of the firms in the database of Japan's largest creditresearch firm, Teikoku Databank.
路透社还发现5家为环境省工作企业是无法进行鉴别的,他们没有在国土交通省备案,也没有公布电话或者网站,路透社甚至无法找到其所有者最基本的法人登记信息。即使在日本最大的信用调查公司帝国征信株式会社那里都无法找到这些企业的记录。

"As a general matter, in cases likethis, we would have to start by looking at whether a company like this isreal," said Shigenobu Abe, a researcher at Teikoku Databank. "Afterthat, it would be necessary to look at whether this is an active company and atthe background of its executive and directors."
帝国征信的调查员Shigenobu Abe 表示说:“一般来说,出现这种情况,我们将必须看看这家企业是否是真实的。之后,则有必要对该企业是否营业以及其主管和董事的背景进行调查。”

Responsibility for monitoring the hiring,safety records and suitability of hundreds of small firms involved inFukushima's decontamination rests with the top contractors, including KajimaCorp, Taisei Corp and Shimizu Corp, officials said.
官方表示说,负责对涉及福岛清污工作数百家小企业的雇佣、安全记录以及适应性等相关事宜进行监管的是那些总承包商,其中包括鹿岛建设,大成建设,清水建设等大企业。

"In reality, major contractors manageeach work site," said Hide Motonaga, deputy director ofthe radiation clean-up division of the environment ministry.
环境省辐射清理部副部长Hide Motonaga表示说:“实际上,是由每个主要承包商来管理着各个工作点的。”

But, as a practical matter, many of theconstruction companies involved in the clean-up say it is impossible to monitorwhat is happening on the ground because of the multiple layers of contracts foreach job that keep the top contractors removed from those doing the work.
但是,在现实情况中,许多参与辐射清污的承包商表示说,由于层层转包,使得总承包商根本无从监管现场究竟发生了什么事。

"If you startedlooking at every single person, the project wouldn't move forward. Youwouldn't get a tenth of the people you need," said Yukio Suganuma,president of Aisogo Service, a construction company that was hired in 2012 toclean up radioactive fallout from streets in the town of Tamura.
“如果你事无巨细地都去管理,这项计划就没法做了。你连所需劳力的一成都招募不到。” AisogoService的总裁Yukio Suganuma说道,该承包公司于2012年受雇清理Tamura镇街道上的辐射尘。

The sprawl of small firmsworking in Fukushima is an unintended consequence of Japan's legacy of tightlabor-market regulations combined with the aging population's deepeningshortage of workers. Japan's constructioncompanies cannot afford to keep a large payroll and dispatching temporaryworkers to construction sites is prohibited. As a result, smaller firms step intothe gap.
日本劳动力市场严密的法规再加上人口老龄化造成劳工短缺,为福岛清污工作带来一个意想不到的结果,那就是小企业的扩张。日本建筑企业承受不起庞大的薪水开销,而派遣临时工前往建筑点又被禁止。导致了由微小企业来填补所产生的缺口。

Below these official subcontractors, ashadowy network of gangsters and illegal brokers who hire homeless men has alsobecome active in Fukushima. Ministry of Environment contracts in the mostradioactive areas of Fukushima prefecture are particularly lucrative becausethe government pays an additional $100 in hazard allowance per day for eachworker.
在正式的次级转包商之下,存在着一个由黑社会和非法雇佣者组成的隐秘网络来招募流浪汉前往福岛工作。环境省在福岛高辐射区的合同项目成了肥肉,因为政府给每个工人每天提供100美元的津贴。

Takayoshi Igarashi, a lawyer and professorat Hosei University, said the initial rush to find companies fordecontamination was understandable in the immediate aftermath of the disasterwhen the priority was emergency response. But he said the government now needsto tighten its scrutiny to prevent a range of abuses, including bid rigging.
作为日本法政大学的教授和一名律师,Takayoshi Igarashi表示最初寻找企业来参与清污工作可以理解为紧急情况下的应急措施。但是他又指出当前政府需要来加强监管以防止各种不法事件,包括串通竞标。

"There are many unknown entitiesgetting involved in decontamination projects," said Igarashi, a formeradvisor to ex-Prime Minister Naoto Kan. "There needs to be a thoroughcheck on what companies are working on what, and when. I think it's probablycompletely lawless if the top contractors are not thoroughly checking."
“有众多不明团体参与进了辐射清污项目,”当过前首相菅直人顾问的Igarashi表示:“有必要对什么公司在何时干过什么进行一次彻查。我认为如果不对那些总承包商进行彻查那么他们将完全变得无法无天。”

The Ministry of Environment announced onThursday that work on the most contaminated sites would take two to three yearslonger than the original March 2014 deadline. That means many of the more than60,000 who lived in the area before the disaster will remain unable to returnhome until six years after the disaster.
周四环境省宣布,对重污染区的清理工作将比原定于2014年三月的截止日再延长两到三年。这意味着6万多灾变前生活在那里的居民要到灾后第六年才能重回故土。

Earlier this month, Abe, who pledged hisgovernment would "take full responsibility for the rebirth ofFukushima" boosted the budget for decontamination to $35 billion, includingfunds to create a facility to store radioactive soil and other waste near thewrecked nuclear plant.
本月初,安倍保证其政府会“担负起复兴福岛的全部责任”,将辐射清污的预算提高到350亿美元。其中包括建立一个能存储损毁核电站附近放射性土壤和废弃物的设施。

Japan has always had a gray market of daylabor centered in Tokyo and Osaka. A small army of day laborers wasemployed to build the stadiums and parks for the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. Butover the past year, Sendai, the biggest city in the disaster zone, has emergedas a hiring hub for homeless men. Many work clearing rubble left behind by the2011 tsunami and cleaning up radioactive hotspots by removing topsoil, cuttinggrass and scrubbing down houses around the destroyed nuclear plant, workers andcity officials say.
长久以来在日本的东京和大阪就存在着打零工的灰色市场。1964年东京奥运会时候,这些零工大军就参与建设了奥运场馆和停车场。多年过去了,仙台,这个灾区最大的城市成了雇佣流浪汉的中心。工人们及市府官员表示,从事的工作有清理2011年海啸后留下的残垣断壁,清除辐射区的表层土壤,除草以及刷洗被毁核电厂附近的房屋等。


Seiji Sasa, 67, a broad-shouldered formerwrestlingpromoter, was photographed by undercover police recruiting homelessmen at the Sendai train station to work in the nuclear cleanup. Theworkers were then handed off through a chain of companies reporting up toObayashi, as part of a $1.4 million contract to decontaminate roads inFukushima, police say.
67岁的Seiji Sasa,一个颇有能力的前摔跤赛事承办人,卧底警员拍下了他在仙台火车站招募流浪汉从事辐射清污工作的照片。警方表示,这些劳工们之后成为若干小公司的员工上报给大林组,参与到一项价值140万美元的福岛道路清污合同中去。

"I don't ask questions;that's not my job," Sasa said in an interview with Reuters. "I justfind people and send them to work. I send them and get money in exchange.That's it. I don't get involved in what happens after that."
“我不做询问,你不是我的工作,”sasa在一次和路透社记者会面时谈到:“我只是去找人,然后把他们派去工作。我用劳工来换钱,仅此而已,之后的一切与我无关。”

Only a third of the moneyallocated for wages by Obayashi's top contractor made it to the workers Sasahad found. The rest was skimmed bymiddlemen, police say. After deductions for food and lodging, that left workerswith an hourly rate of about $6, just below the minimum wage equal to about$6.50 per hour in Fukushima, according to wage data provided by police. Some ofthe homeless men ended up in debt after fees for food and housing werededucted, police say.
警方表示,那些被SASA找来的劳工只能拿到总承包商大林组下发工资的1/3。其余部分都被中间人拿走了。根据警方提供的薪金数据,每个工人除去食宿,能拿到手的时薪只有6美元,这低于福岛规定的每小时6.5美元的最低工资数。警方表示一些无家可归者在被扣掉食宿费用后还欠了债。

Sasa was arrested in November and releasedwithout being charged. Police were after his client, Mitsunori Nishimura, alocal Inagawa-kai gangster. Nishimura housed workers in cramped dorms on theedge of Sendai and skimmed an estimated $10,000 of public funding intended fortheir wages each month, police say.
SASA于11月被捕,之后没被指控而获得释放。警方盯上了他的委托人,Mitsunori Nishimura,当地稻川会的帮派成员,他让劳工们挤住在仙台市城郊的狭小公寓内,并每个月从用于支付劳工薪金的公共资金中获取一万美元。


Nishimura, who could not be reached forcomment, was arrested and paid a $2,500 fine. Nishimura is widely known inSendai. Seiryu Home, a shelter funded by the city, had sent other homelessmen to work for him on recovery jobs after the 2011 disaster.
由于Nishimura被捕并要支付2500美元的罚金,因此无法联系到他,请他做出评述,他在仙台可是一个众所周知的人物。一个市府拨款的救助机构——Seiryu之家,在2011年重建工作开始后就向他提供无家可归者。

"He seemed like such a nice guy,"said Yota Iozawa, a shelter manager. "It was bad luck.I can't investigate everything about every company."
“他看起来像个好人,”救助站经理Yota Iozawa表示说“真倒霉,我没法对每个公司每件事都进行调查啊。”

In the incident that prompted his arrest,Nishimura placed his workers with Shinei Clean, a company with about 15employees based on a winding farm road south of Sendai. Police turned up thereto arrest Shinei's president, Toshiaki Osada, after a search of his office,according to Tatsuya Shoji, who is both Osada's nephew and a company manager.Shinei had sent dump trucks to sort debris from the disaster. "Everyone isinvolved in sending workers," said Shoji. "I guess we just happenedto get caught this time."
当Nishimura被捕后发现其将劳工安排给了Shinei清洁公司,这是一家位于仙台南部乡村公路附近的一家约有15名雇员的公司。警方又奔赴该处,逮捕了Shinei的董事长Toshiaki Osada。在搜查了他的办公室后,又依照办理了他的外甥兼该公司经理的Tatsuya Shoji。Shinei清洁公司曾派出垃圾车前往灾区对废料进行分类处理。Shoji表示说“在派遣劳工这事上人人都有份,我猜只是我们正好撞了枪口而已。”

Osada, who could not be reached for comment, was fined about $5,000.Shinei was also fined about $5,000.
Osada和而Shinei清洁公司各被判5000美元罚款。

The trail from Shinei led police to aslightly larger neighboring company with about 30 employees, Fujisai Couken.Fujisai says it was under pressure from a larger contractor, Raito Kogyo, toprovide workers for Fukushima. Kenichi Sayama, Fujisai's general manger, saidhis company only made about $10 per day per worker it outsourced. When the jobappeared to be going too slowly, Fujisai asked Shinei for more help and theyturned to Nishimura.
通过追查Shinei,警方找了一条线索,指向了临近稍大的一家有30个雇员的Fujisai Couken公司,Fujisai公司表示说自己是迫于更大的承包商Raito Kogyo的压力才向福岛提供劳工的。Fujisai公司的总经理Kenichi Sayama表示,经过转包后他的公司给每个工人每天10美元,当人不够时,他们会向Shinei要求更多的劳工,而Shinei清洁公司则去寻找Nishimura。

A Fujisai manager, Fuminori Hayashi, wasarrested and paid a $5,000 fine, police said. Fujisai also paid a $5,000 fine.
警方表示,Fuminori Hayashi作为Fujisai公司的一名经理被逮捕并交纳了5000美元罚金,而Fujisai公司也被罚5000美元。

"If you don't get involved (withgangs), you're not going to get enough workers," said Sayama, Fujisai'sgeneral manager. "The construction industry is 90 percent run bygangs."
“你要不牵扯进(黑道)的话,你就别想找到足够的劳工。”Fujisai公司的总经理Kenichi Sayama说道:“建筑行业90%是被黑道把持的。”

Raito Kogyo, a top-tier subcontractor to Obayashi, has about 300 workers indecontamination projects around Fukushima and owns subsidiaries in both Japanand the United States. Raito agreed that the project faced a shortage ofworkers but said it had been deceived. Raito said it was unaware of a shadowcontractor under Fujisai tied to organized crime. Raitoand Obayashi were not accused of any wrongdoing and were not penalized.
Raito Kogyo作为大林组的顶级分包商,手下有三百个劳工投入福岛辐射清污项目中,并且在日本和美国设有分公司。Raito对项目面临劳工短缺问题表示赞同,但是表示自己是受蒙蔽的。他对Fujisai公司下面有秘密承包商进行有组织犯罪的事并不知情。Raito和大林组并未遭到任何指控及处罚。


Other firms receiving government contractsin the decontamination zone have hired homeless men from Sasa, including ShutoKogyo, a firm based in Himeji, western Japan.
其他承接政府核辐射清污合同的企业也从SASA那里雇佣流浪汉,其中还包括日本西部姬路市的Shuto Kogyo公司。

"He sends people in, but they don'tstick around for long," said Fujiko Kaneda, 70, who runs Shuto with herson, Seiki Shuto. "He gathers people in front of the station and sendsthem to our dorm."
70岁的金田不二子和她儿子SeikiShuto操持着Shuto公司,她表示说:“他把人送来,不过他们都呆不长,他在车站前把人聚集起来然后送来我们的宿舍。”

Kaneda invested about $600,000 to cash inon the reconstruction boom. Shuto converted an abandoned roadhouse north ofSendai into a dorm to house workers on reconstruction jobs such as clearingtsunami debris. The company also won two contracts awarded by the Ministry ofEnvironment to clean up two of the most heavily contaminated townships.
金田在场重建大潮中投资了60万美元。Shuto公司将仙台北部一家被废弃的旅馆改建成了宿舍,来安置那些参与清理海啸废墟重建工作的劳工们。该公司因为清理了两个重度污染的小镇还获得过环境省的两份嘉奖状。

Kaneda had been arrested in 2009 along withher son, Seiki, for charging illegally high interest rates on loans topensioners. Kaneda signed an admission of guilt for police, a document she saysshe did not understand, and paid a fine of $8,000. Seiki wasgiven a sentence of two years prison time suspended for four years and paid a$20,000 fine, according to police. Seiki declined to comment.
警方指出,金田在2009年因被控从事高利贷而和她的儿子Seiki一起被逮捕。金田向警方签署了一份认罪状并支付了8000美元的罚金,但金田表示对这份认罪状她并不甚了解。Seiki则被判入狱两年缓期4年以及支付20000美元的罚款。Seiki对此则拒绝做出评论。

In Fukushima, Shuto hasfaced at least two claims with local labor regulators over unpaid wages,according to Kaneda. In a separate case, a 55-year-old homeless man reportedbeing paid the equivalent of $10 for a full month of work at Shuto. Theworker's paystub, reviewed by Reuters, showed charges for food, accommodationand laundry were docked from his monthly pay equivalent to about $1,500,leaving him with $10 at the end of the August.
金田表示,在福岛,Shuto公司还面临着当地劳工监管部门的两起拖欠工资的索赔案。在一起案件中,一名55岁的男性流浪汉报称他在Shuto干了足足一个月只拿到差不多10美元的工资。路透社记者检视了个人的工资单,上面显示食物,住宿和洗衣费等支出从他的月支出中扣除了差不多1500美元,到八月底他只剩下10美元的结余。

The man turned up broke and homeless atSendai Station in October after working for Shuto, but disappeared soonafterwards, according to Yasuhiro Aoki, a Baptist pastor and homeless advocate.
据一名浸礼会牧师及流浪者维权人士Yasuhiro Aoki表示,该男子因给Shuto公司工作而破产,导致无家可归寄宿于仙台站直到十月,但之后就失踪了。

Kaneda confirmed the man had worked for herbut said she treats her workers fairly. She said Shuto Kogyopays workers at least $80 for a day's work while docking the equivalent of $35for food. Many of her workers end up borrowing from her to make ends meet, shesaid. One of them had owed her $20,000 before beginning work in Fukushima, shesays. The balance has come down recently, but then he borrowed another $2,000for the year-end holidays. "He will never be able to pay me back,"she said.
金田承认该男子为她工作过,但她表示她待自己工人很公平。她表示Shuto Kogyo公司每天支付给每个劳工至少80美元,同时扣除差不多35美元的餐费。她说,许多工人因为入不敷出还向她借款。其中有一个人在去福岛干活前就欠了她20000美元。债还得差不多的时候,他又借了2000美元说要过年。她说:“估计他永远不会还钱了。”

The problem of workers running themselvesinto debt is widespread. "Many homeless people are just put intodormitories, and the fees for lodging and food are automatically docked fromtheir wages," said Aoki, the pastor. "Then at the end of the month,they're left with no pay at all."
劳工陷入债务这个问题十分普遍,“许多无家可归者都寄身与宿舍内,而住宿费和餐费都自动从他们的薪水里扣除。”Aoki牧师说道:“到了月底,他们一分钱都没赚到。”

Shizuya Nishiyama, 57, says he brieflyworked for Shuto clearing rubble. He now sleeps on a cardboard box in SendaiStation. He says he left after a dispute over wages, one of several he has hadwith construction firms, including two handling decontamination jobs.
57岁的Shizuya Nishiyama说他为Shuto公司做过短期的碎石清理工作。他现在睡在仙台站的一个纸板箱里。他说他和几个建筑公司都因为劳资发生过争执,其中就有两个辐射清污的工作。

Nishiyama's first employer in Sendai offered him $90 a day for his first jobclearing tsunami debris. But he was made to pay as much as $50 a day for foodand lodging. He also was not paid on the days he was unable to work. On thosedays, though, he would still be charged for room and board. He decided he wasbetter off living on the street than going into debt.
Nishiyama的第一个仙台雇主答应给他一天90美元,那是他第一份清理海啸废墟的工作。但结果他每天被迫支付50美元的食宿费。如果当天没有工作也无法获得收入,但是那些日子食宿费还是照收不误。他最终决定与其背负债务还不如睡大街更踏实。

"We're an easy target forrecruiters," Nishiyama said. "We turn up here with all our bags,wheeling them around and we're easy to spot. They say to us, are you lookingfor work? Are you hungry? And if we haven't eaten, they offer to find us a job."
“我们很容易成为被招募者盯上的目标。” Nishiyama说道:“我们一身家当就是几个包而已,很容易被他们认出来。他们告诉我们说,你找活儿么?你饿吗?如果我们没得吃,他们会答应给我们找活儿干。”
2014-01-02 15:28:20   此文章已经被查看1261次   
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